作　者：吕博
关键词：《佛说宝雨经》；皇帝尊号；转轮王；武则天
摘　要：

中古佛教经典中，转轮王分为金、银、铜、铁四种等级。从《大云经神皇授记义疏》颁行到《佛说宝雨经》新译，标志着武则天由铁轮王正式升格为金轮王。长寿二年（693）九月丁亥，菩提流支译成的《佛说宝雨经》中窜入一段内容，预言一位月光天子将晋升为统御四大部洲的金轮王。八天后，武则天便获得“金轮圣神皇帝”尊号，印证了此经预言。此后，她又相继加称“越古金轮圣神皇帝”“慈氏越古金轮圣神皇帝”“天册金轮圣神皇帝”等号，始终保留佛教金轮王的内涵。与之相应，武则天还在神都洛阳天津桥所在轴线上，建造了弥勒巨像、明堂七宝台、万国颂德天枢等“仪式性景观”，以彰显金轮王拥有七宝、统领四天下、供奉弥勒等宗教理念。事实上，无论是皇帝尊号与王朝年号的更替，还是宏大政治与宗教景观的落成，都意味着佛教所描述的君主观与世界图景首次正式融入中国皇帝名号系统，从而深刻改变了秦汉以来的皇帝制度文化。

 

Wu Zetian and the Transformation of Imperial Titles in Ancient China Reconsidering the Significance of the New Translation of Foshuo Baoyu Jing On the Dinghai Day of the Ninth Lunar Month in the Second Year of the Changshou Reign
Lü Bo（Wuhan University）
Abstract In medieval Chinese Buddhist scriptures, the Chakravartin was classified into four grades: gold, silver, copper, and iron. The promulgation of the Dayun Jing Shenhuang Shouji Yishu and the subsequent translation of the Foshuo Baoyu Jing provided religious justification for Wu Zetian's elevation from an Iron to a Golden Chakravartin. Completed by Bodhiruci on the Dinghai day of the ninth lunar month in the second year of Changshou(693), the new translation of the Foshuo Baoyu Jing contained an interpolated prophecy that Candraprabha would become a Golden Chakravartin ruling the four continents. Eight days later, Wu Zetian assumed the title "Jinlun Shengshen Huangdi", apparently fulfilling the prophecy. Her subsequent augmented titles, including "Yuegu Jinlun Shengshen Huangdi""Cishi Yuegu Jinlun Shengshen Huangdi" and "Tiance Jinlun Shengshen Huangdi", all retained the Buddhist imagery of the Golden Chakravartin. Along the axis of the Tianjin Bridge in Luoyang, she also created a series of ceremonial landscapes, including a colossal Maitreya statue, the Mingtang Qibaotai, and the Wanguo Songde Tianshu, embodying the Chakravartin ideals of possessing the Seven Treasures, ruling the four continents, and venerating Maitreya. Together, these changes in imperial titles, reign designations, and politico-religious landscapes marked the first formal integration of Buddhist kingship and cosmic order into the Chinese imperial titulary system, pro_ foundly transforming the institutional and cultural framework of emperorship inherited from the Qin and Han dynasties.
Key words Foshuo Baoyu Jing; imperial honorific titles; Chakravartin; Wu Zetian

 

■ 作者简介 吕博，武汉大学历史学院暨中国三至九世纪研究所教授， 湖北 武汉430072。

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