作　者：王磊
关键词：家庭结构变动；城乡家庭协同发展；全国人口普查；人口高质量发展；“投资于人”；“十五五”规划
摘　要：

基于第五次、第六次和第七次全国人口普查数据资料，可以系统比较我国城乡家庭结构变动趋势。研究发现：2000-2020年我国城乡家庭结构变迁的趋同之处，主要表现为家庭规模结构小型化、家庭世代结构扁平化、家庭类型结构逆核心化及多元化；差异之处则主要体现在城市家庭类型结构多元化、三代直系家庭占比增长趋势更明显，而农村家庭类型结构逆核心化、单人户及夫妻核心家庭增长趋势更突出。城乡人口规模逆转和人口年龄结构差异性变化，是城乡家庭结构变迁既有趋同也有差别的关键诱因，城乡家庭结构差异性变化趋势是城市家庭生育功能下降更明显和农村家庭养老功能弱化更突出的直接动因。在坚持城乡融合发展和推进乡村全面振兴战略过程中要增强家庭结构意识，建立家庭动态监测体系并及时优化相关民生政策，坚持“投资于人”，稳步推进基本公共服务均等化，积极构建家庭友好型社会，以人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化。

 

A Comparative Study on Chinese Household Structural Changes Across Urban and Rural Areas
——Based on the Analysis of National Census Data
Wang Lei
（Chinese Academy of Social Sciences）
Abstract A systematic comparison based on data from the fifth, sixth and seventh national censuses may reveal the changing trends of urban and rural household structures in China. The comparison finds parallel shifts in China's urban and rural household structures between 2000 and 2020, manifested chiefly in shrinking household size, flattened generational composition, and de-nuclearization and diversification of household types and structures. The differences lie in the greater diversification of urban households with a more marked rise in three-generation lineal households, and more notable de-nuclearization in rural areas alongside prominent growth in single-person households and couple-only families. The reversal of urban-rural population proportions and divergent shifts in age composition serve as core drivers behind similar yet differentiated structural changes across urban and rural households. Such structural disparities directly contribute to a more pronounced decline in the reproductive function of urban households and a more severe weakening of the elderly support function of rural ones. In advancing urban-rural integrated development and national rural revitalization, relevant authorities should follow household structural changes, set up a dynamic household monitoring system, and fine-tune livelihood policies in a timely manner. Prioritizing "human-centric investment", steadily equalizing basic public services and fostering a family-friendly society will facilitate Chinese modernization with high-quality population development.
Key words household structural changes; coordinated development of urban and rural households; National census; high-quality population development; "human-centric investment"; the 15th Five-year Plan

 

■ 作者简介 王磊，中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所研究员，北京 100006。

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