作　者：张国刚
关键词：唐代佛教；外来文明；本土化；正反合
摘　要：

以唐代佛教中国化为研究对象，可探讨外来文明本土化的规律与路径。唐代作为佛教中国化的巅峰阶段，其进程历经传入扎根、碰撞融合、体系建构、深度融合四个阶段，围绕教义、组织、信仰三大维度实现本土化转型。结合“正反合”辩证逻辑，分析本土儒道文化（正题）、三教碰撞冲突（反题）与三教融合重构（合题）的发展脉络，剖析唐代大一统格局、儒学衰颓、三教并行政策及中外交流繁荣等时代背景的推动作用；通过对比唐代佛教中国化的成功与明末利玛窦 “适应政策” 的夭折，总结外来文明本土化需满足教义创造性转化、与本土社会良性适配、传播世俗化三个核心条件，可得出如下结论：唐代佛教中国化是外来文明与本土文明双向融合的典范，彰显了中华文明 “和而不同” 的包容性，为当代文明交流互鉴提供了重要历史镜鉴。

 

On the Localization of Foreign Civilization from the Perspective Of Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty
Zhang Guogang
（Tsinghua University）
Abstract A study on the Sinicization of Buddhism in the Tang dynasty may reveal the underlying patterns and trajectories of the localization of foreign civilizations. The Tang dynasty marked the pinnacle of Buddhist Sinicization, whose evolution unfolded in four successive phases: initial introduction and local rooting, confrontation and syncretism, doctrinal systematization, and in-depth cultural integration. The localized transformation was accomplished along three dimensions of religious doctrine, monastic organization and popular devotional beliefs. Adopting the dialectical framework of "thesis—antithesis—synthesis", this paper traces Buddhism's localization trajectory from indigenous Confucian-Daoist traditions (the thesis), ideological clashes among the Three Religions (the antithesis), to their ultimate integration and reconstruction (the synthesis). Furthermore, it explores the catalytic historical context, including unified imperial governance, the decline of orthodox Confucianism, the state policy of equal coexistence of the Three Religions, and vibrant cross-cultural exchanges. By contrasting the successful Sinicization of Tang Buddhism with the abortive "Accommodation Policy" pioneered by Matteo Ricci in the late Ming dynasty, the study identifies three prerequisites for the localization of imported civilizations: creative doctrinal transformation, sound adaptation to indigenous social structures, and popularization among lay communities. This article contends that the Sinicization of Tang Buddhism serves as a paradigm of reciprocal integration between foreign and indigenous civilizations, epitomizing the inclusive spirit of "unity without uniformity" of the Chinese civilization and providing a vital historical reference for contemporary exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations.
Key words Tang Buddhism; foreign civilizations; localization; thesis—antithesis—synthesis

 

■ 作者简介 张国刚，清华大学文科资深教授、人文学院教授，北京 100084。

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