作　者：刘奕文
关键词：社会正义；古典政治经济学；马克思政治经济学批判；资本主义正义原则；正义思想的革命性
摘　要：

古典政治经济学理论和马克思政治经济学批判理论都在不同程度上关涉、考察了社会正义问题。从方法论角度考察古典政治经济学中的正义问题以及马克思正义思想对其的批判与超越，有助于厘清马克思政治经济学批判中正义思想的革命性意义。古典政治经济学的研究方法主要采用归纳法和演绎法。归纳法关注历史经验，但为资本主义永恒正义辩护，而演绎法建构去历史化的经济科学，却遮蔽了社会正义问题。马克思以唯物辩证法和唯物史观考察社会正义问题。唯物辩证法是以社会历史现实为基础的从抽象到具体的方法，从根本上批判了“有差异的交换和分配天然合理”及“资本主义永恒正义”的资本主义正义原则；唯物史观兼具实证性和历史性，在承认资本主义生产关系暂时合理的同时，揭露了剥削性社会结构的困境，超越了资本主义正义观念的研究视域。这一转变揭示了正义问题的研究方法从为特定社会制度辩护的形式逻辑工具，跃升为立足历史现实、剖析社会结构内在矛盾的科学世界观。

 

The Methodological Evolution in Studies on Justice: From Classical Political Economy to Marx's Critique of Political Economy

Liu Yiwen

（Huazhong Agricultural University）

Abstract  Both classical political economy and Marx's critique of political economy address and examine the issue of social justice to varying degrees. An examination of justice in classical political economy and how Marx's conception of justice critiques and transcends its predecessor from a methodological perspective, helps clarify the revolutionary advance of justice in Marx's critique of political economy. Primarily adopting the methods of induction and deduction, classical political economy draws upon historical experience with the former only to justify the eternal justice of capitalism, and constructs a de-historicized economic science with the latter thereby obscuring the issue of social justice. By contrast, Marx examines social justice through dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism, as a method grounded in social and historical reality that advances from the abstract to the concrete, fundamentally undermines such capitalist principles of justice as ''the alleged inherent rationality of differentiated exchange and distribution'' and ''the eternal justice of capitalism''. Historical materialism, combining empirical attributes with historical dimension, recognizes the temporary rationality of capitalist production relations while exposing the contradictions inherent in an exploitative social structure, thereby transcending the theoretical boundary of capitalist notions of justice. This methodological shift reveals that the research approach to social justice has evolved from a formal logical tool serving to justify a specific social system to a scientific worldview grounded in historical reality and dedicated to dissecting the inherent contradictions within the social structure.

Key words  social justice; classical political economy; Marx's critique of political economy；capitalist principles of justice；the revolutionary advance of the idea of justice

 

■ 作者简介  刘奕文，华中农业大学马克思主义学院讲师，湖北省中国特色社会主义理论体系研究中心华中农业大学分中心研究员，湖北 武汉 430070。

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