作　者：戴茂堂 张晓燕
关键词：马克思；技术双重性；自然；社会；技术双面性；人工智能时代
摘　要：

在现实的生活世界，很难找到像“自然”和“社会”这样两个范畴，与技术之间存在如此全面、深刻且不可分割的联系。无论是谈人与自然之关系还是谈人与社会之关系，技术都是一个不可或缺的中介和桥梁。这就决定了马克思以“自然”和“社会”为路径考察技术双重性，能够全方位、深层次地揭示技术在人类历史发展进程中的核心地位和多元影响。马克思以自然为路径对技术的考察表明，由于人类对技术的不当使用破坏了人与自然的平衡，技术在推动人类文明进步的同时，势必引发生态危机；马克思以社会为路径对技术的考察表明，由于技术的资本主义应用，技术在促进生产力发展、创造大量物质财富的同时，势必导致劳动异化和社会不公。当技术从大机器时代进展到人工智能时代，技术的双重性开始悄悄向双面性转变。如果说，技术的双重性指的是在马克思所处的大机器时代，技术既有积极性的一面又有消极性的一面，像一把双刃剑，那么，在今天的人工智能时代，技术不再像一把双刃剑，而是显现出双面性来。以作为技术的人工智能为例来讲，技术的双面性是指，技术一方面可以弥补人的不完满，对人类生活构成全面帮助；另一方面，这种全面帮助同时也是全面占有，并让人变得可有可无。从表面上看这像是一个悖论，但从深层次看，它暴露出来的是技术固有的自反性。既然自反性是技术固有的，那么就不应该被当成双刃剑中的消极性来对待。技术固有的自反性呈现出技术双面之间的内在张力，催生了技术的自我发展、自我前行。关于技术双面性的理解是对马克思技术双重性思想在人工智能时代的继承和发展。

 

The Two Approaches of Marx Employed to Examine The Duality of Technology

Dai Maotang，Zhang Xiaoyan（Beijing Normal University）

Abstract It is difficult to find in the real world two categories as pervasively, profoundly and inseparably linked to technology as ''nature'' and ''society''. Technology serves as an indispensable intermediary, whether in the relation between humans and nature or humans and society. This determines that Marx's examination of technology's duality through the dual paths of ''nature'' and ''society'' can generate a holistic and deep revelation of technology's core role and multifaceted impacts in the course of human historical development. Marx's exploration of technology via the ''nature'' approach demonstrates that, while technology drives the progress of human civilization, its improper use disrupts the balance between humanity and nature, inevitably triggering ecological crises. His investigation via the ''society'' approach indicates that, although technology enhances productive forces and generates immense material wealth, its capitalist application leads to labor alienation and social injustice. As technology advances from the age of machine to the era of artificial intelligence, the duality of technology has quietly transformed into a ''dual-faced'' nature. If technology's duality —— the coexistence of positive and negative aspects —— was likened to a ''double-edged sword'' in the machine age of Marx, it is no longer such a sword, taking on a ''dual-faced'' nature. Taking AI as an example, its ''dual-faced'' nature can be interpreted as follows: on the one hand, the technology can ''compensate'' for hu‐ man imperfections and provide ''comprehensive assistance'', on the other hand, the ''comprehensive assistance'' soon becomes ''comprehensive appropriation'', rendering humans dispensable. This may appear paradoxical on the surface, but at a deeper level, it exposes technology's inherent "reflexivity''. Since reflexivity is intrinsic to technology, it should not be mistaken for the mere negative edge of a double-edged sword. Instead, the inherent reflexivity of technology reveals the intrinsic tension between its dual nature, thereby propelling its self-development and self-advancement. Such an understanding of technology's ''dual-faced'' nature represents both an inheritance and a development of Marx's thought on technology's duality in the age of artificial intelligence.

Key words  Marx; double-edged nature of technology; nature; society; duality of technology; the age of artificial intelligence

 

■    作者简介  戴茂堂，北京师范大学文理学院教授，广东 珠海 519087；

张晓燕，北京师范大学哲学学院博士研究生，北京 100875。

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